問題在WHO說的複合毒性

[MK]

http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new ... day-o1.htm
◎ 邱文


三聚氰胺（melamine）污染食品事件至今，有多位專家跳出來為馬政府背書，包括食品工業發展研究所副所長陳陸宏與檢驗中心副主任傅偉光說，根據美國食品暨藥物管理局（ＦＤＡ）的建議，每人每公斤的三聚氰胺容許量是○．六毫克。依據衛生署最新的規定，容許食物中檢驗出二．五ppm三聚氰胺，也就是每公斤奶精裡面可以有的容許量，一個體重六十公斤的人，每天可以吃三十七．八毫克的三聚氰胺，因此，每天吃十五公斤（含有二．五毫克）的奶精，吃一輩子也不會有問題。這種論述是對資料的一種選擇性解讀，嚴重誤導民眾。

動物試驗研究，三聚氰胺的急性毒性（acute toxicity）相當低，LD50大於1000 mg/kg，但動物試驗也發現長期餵食，則會導致膀胱／腎臟結石與膀胱癌之可能，這種慢性毒性（chronic toxicity），卻被所謂的專家選擇性地加以掩蓋。

除了慢性毒害，二○○八年九月二十五日世界衛生組織公布的文件「Melamine and Cyanuric acid： Toxicity, Preliminary Risk Assessment and Guidance on Levels in Food」裡，也提到了複合毒性（combined toxicity）的問題，即melamine與其結構類似物cyanuric acid單獨的毒性不高，但若三聚氰胺與cyanuric acid同時存在，所形成的celamine cyanurate溶解度更低，會對腎臟產生嚴重傷害。在二○○七年爆發的貓狗寵物飼料污染事件，三、四千隻貓狗皆死於嚴重的腎臟傷害，檢驗也發現飼料同時存在三聚氰胺與數種結構類似物cyanuric acid、ammelide、ammeline等。高純度的三聚氰胺價格不低，廠商在獲利的考量下，可能填加劣質不純的三聚氰胺產品，因而同時加入多種類似物。目前的檢驗中，應該只有檢驗三聚氰胺，但污染的食品可能同時存在cyanuric acid或其他化學成分，是一個目前不敢去碰觸的問題。

本來melamine的安全容許量爭議，不是食研所等檢驗單位的事，檢驗單位只要精準的偵測檢體中檢測項目含量即可。儀器靈敏度不同，也不是問題，只要在檢驗報告寫某個量以下，例如<2.5ppm或<0.05ppm，大家就知道儀器的靈敏度是二．五ppm或○．○五ppm，這個值以下的量，儀器無法正確測出。如此檢驗常識，一個當過台大醫院院長的人怎會不清楚呢？到底是什麼樣的力量介入，讓衛生署作出如此難以理解的決策？目前沸沸揚揚的說法，是因為中國嗆聲輸出含毒原料的中國都慶公司沒有問題，逼著馬政府決策的大轉彎；另有媒體報導消基會說法，懷疑是因為劉兆玄夫人錢明賽為食研所檢驗中心主任，為了幫食研所檢驗水準解套，而放寬標準。不管原因為何，食研所在這次事件中，其檢驗能力與公信力已受到嚴重折損，所謂的檢驗合格（二．五ppm），已無法讓消費者信服。（作者為某國家級實驗室研究員）

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