970523從醫學看死刑

[傲而]

從醫學看死刑
■ 鄭勇山


在貧窮或教育水準落後國家可能會有鋌而走險而須以死刑達到嚇阻效果，但先進國家被判死刑都是一些精神狀態有問題的窮凶極惡的罪犯，他們早就把「死」置之度外，奈何以死懼之！

以醫學角度來看，由於我們對生命的不了解，死刑可能有誤判的結果。在英國有一個累犯，每次出獄就強暴攻擊婦女，弄得人心惶惶，在第八次時，法官受不了輿論壓力而判以死刑，死後屍體解剖赫然發現他的腎上腺有個一公分腫瘤，而這顆腫瘤不定時分泌大量男性荷爾蒙，讓他的行為無法自制。現代醫學發現某些藥物可以改變人類的心理與行為，如治療憂鬱症的「百憂解」，可以改變人的心情，讓人快樂起來，這是藥物心理學的一大突破，也證明人類精神與物質的關聯性。

遺傳基因被認為是一個非常重要的因素，它控制著腦部的發育，血液中蛋白質激素合成，影響人類思想行為。之前社會學家常認為有人是因為從小生長在暴力家庭，造成長大後也成為暴力份子，但現在慢慢了解，小孩是承受上一代基因遺傳所致，而許多來自同一家庭小孩雖然環境教育一樣，但卻有不一樣的人生，是因基因的遺傳不是絕對的。教育與環境可以潛移默化改善人的個性，調整我們腦部「善良」物質的分泌，但它也不是萬靈丹，有許多是無法改變的，就像擁有大腸癌、肺癌基因的人，如果飲食、空氣、環境改善，確實可以降低得病率，但並非可以絕對避免。每個人生下來擁有的都不一樣，也不一定都可以克服。

這些擁有壞基因的人，心靈的煎熬是外人無法了解的，那些窮凶極惡的罪犯，既可憐又可恨，他們已不適合生活在我們社會體制，因此必須給予永遠的隔離，也許有人認為終身監禁只是浪費國家資源罷了，但這是沒有辦法的，一個成熟國家就應該作這種事。

那對受害者是否非常不公平？在醫學上有種藥害救濟制度，例如每年總有因打預防針過敏而死亡的個案，但如果因此而停止施打，可能造成人類更大災難，死亡人數可能成千上萬，因此權衡之下，預防針仍必須進行，對於那些死亡個案，可以認為為大眾犧牲而由社會給予補償，我們對於老天無法造出完美人類感到無奈，唯一能事後補償的就是人類的愛心。

（作者為萬芳醫院醫生）

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