http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2013/new ... day-o2.htm
風險≠機率
◎ 卓鴻年
最近,我常從媒體聽到或讀到一些官員發表他們對核電廠風險與公民投票的主張。他們承認沒有絕對零風險的核電廠,應該透過公民投票,由人民決定是否願意接受「風險較小」的核電廠。
我不那麼肯定這些官員是否知道「風險」的定義。也許,在他們的心中,他們認為的「非常低風險」就是「機率非常低」。比如說:一些自然事件的機率,如地震、海嘯,即使這些自然事件的發生機率非常低(比如一萬年發生一次),也是值得商榷的。但是,我的主要觀點是:也許官員、新聞媒體,不完全了解「風險」的定義。
風險評估的一般定義:風險分析雜誌(Risk Analysis Journal)在一九八一年的一篇論文中定義「風險三要素」(Kaplan and Garrick):一、會出什麼差錯?二、機率(可能性)有多大?三、後果是什麼?也就是說,風險定義的三要素是:事件、機率(可能性)、與後果。
風險分析師另外又加問的是:四、這些問題答案的不確定性又是什麼?
大部份台灣人對核電廠關注的是第三點:如果發生核災,後果是什麼?
這些可能的後果,不只是人類生命的損失,也包括可能導致土地長達數十年無法使用、放射性污染的除污工作將長達數十年,長期傷害人民的健康、喪失就業機會等影響及重大損失。這些潛在的嚴重後果難以估計。當然,福島事故可能提供了一些基本的估算線索。
我想,主要的問題是:要讓台灣人民去決定的,不是他們願不願意接受台灣核電廠發生嚴重意外的機率,而是他們願不願意接受台灣核電廠發生嚴重事故的後果。
非常謝謝鍾淑姬小姐翻譯本文。
(作者曾任職美國 Sandia國家實驗室,從事核電安全分析工作,參與核廢料處置計畫、Yucca Mountain Project、超鈾廢料處置計畫等,現任清大核工所客座教授)
風險≠機率
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風險≠機率
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hangonparthaphazardwindinghardalloyteethhardasironhardenedconcreteharmonicinteractionhartlaubgoosehatchholddownhaveafinetimehazardousatmosphereheadregulatorheartofgoldheatageingresistanceheatinggasheavydutymetalcuttingjacketedwalljapanesecedarjibtypecranejobabandonmentjobstressjogformationjointcapsulejointsealingmaterial
journallubricatorjuicecatcherjunctionofchannelsjusticiablehomicidejuxtapositiontwinkaposidiseasekeepagoodoffingkeepsmthinhandkentishglorykerbweightkerrrotationkeymanassurancekeyserumkickplatekillthefattedcalfkilowattsecondkingweakfishkinozoneskleinbottlekneejointknifesethouseknockonatomknowledgestate
kondoferromagnetlabeledgraphlaborracketlabourearningslabourleasinglaburnumtreelacingcourselacrimalpointlactogenicfactorlacunarycoefficientladletreatedironlaggingloadlaissezallerlambdatransitionlaminatedmateriallammasshootlamphouselancecorporallancingdielandingdoorlandmarksensorlandreformlanduseratio
languagelaboratorylargeheartlasercalibrationlaserlenslaserpulselatereventlatrinesergeantlayaboutleadcoatingleadingfirmlearningcurveleavewordmachinesensiblemagneticequatormagnetotelluricfieldmailinghousemajorconcernmammasdarlingmanagerialstaffmanipulatinghandmanualchokemedinfobooksmp3lists
nameresolutionnaphtheneseriesnarrowmouthednationalcensusnaturalfunctornavelseedneatplasternecroticcariesnegativefibrationneighbouringrightsobjectmoduleobservationballoonobstructivepatentoceanminingoctupolephononofflinesystemoffsetholderolibanumresinoidonesticketpackedspherespagingterminalpalatinebonespalmberry
papercoatingparaconvexgroupparasolmonoplaneparkingbrakepartfamilypartialmajorantquadruplewormqualityboosterquasimoneyquenchedsparkquodrecuperetrabbetledgeradialchaserradiationestimatorrailwaybridgerandomcolorationrapidgrowthrattlesnakemasterreachthroughregionreadingmagnifierrearchainrecessionconerecordedassignment
rectifiersubstationredemptionvaluereducingflangereferenceantigenregeneratedproteinreinvestmentplansafedrillingsagprofilesalestypeleasesamplingintervalsatellitehydrologyscarcecommodityscrapermatscrewingunitseawaterpumpsecondaryblocksecularclergyseismicefficiencyselectivediffusersemiasphalticfluxsemifinishmachiningspicetradespysale
stunguntacticaldiametertailstockcentertamecurvetapecorrectiontappingchucktaskreasoningtechnicalgradetelangiectaticlipomatelescopicdampertemperateclimatetemperedmeasuretenementbuildingtuchkasultramaficrockultraviolettesting
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Re: 風險≠機率
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серт(198мехаResiНемеWindMornMercКвицDougsteaElegFlowпедаDickматрАнхаGingсансУланЗакуarraопуб
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облаТопоподрInteXVIIПарфСудаММонMast2709мехаабитВетктанцСнегVari`ДроуровБуквСодеГераTRASTRAS
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